Technical terms explained
Alternatively secured pension
From April 2006, pension plan holders are no longer required to purchase an annuity before their 75th Birthday. They can draw an income directly from their pension fund of between 55% and 90% of the current annuity rate for a person of 75. On death, any unused funds would be liable to a tax charge of up to 82% or more.
Annual allowance (pensions)
Each year, from 6th April 2006, pension plan holders can invest anything from £3,600 a year to their entire income from employment, profession or trade and receive tax relief on the contributions. However, there is a maximum level each year, set initially at £235,000 (for 2008/9) rising to £255,000 by 2010/11.
Annuity
An annuity is a promise made by an insurance company to pay an income (usually) for the rest of life in return for a single lump sum. This is most commonly used to provide a retirement income under a pension scheme, in which case the entire amount is subject to income tax as earned income (see also Pension Commencement Lump Sum).
Some annuities are purchased outside the pension regime in which case part of the income is treated as repayment of capital and not, therefore, subject to income tax.
Asset allocation
Investment portfolios tend to have a diverse range of assets such as property, government and company bonds, deposits and equities from different parts of the world. The ratio in which these assets are held will vary according to the aims of the individual fund or investor. An asset allocation strategy aims at matching individual investment aims with the balance of assets available.
Capital gains tax
Capital gains tax is levied on realised gains during a year, in excess of an annual exemption allowance, at a rate of 18%*.
The annual exemption for individuals is £9,600 for 2008/9, while the exemption for trusts is £4,800 for 2008/9.
* Entrepreneurial relief is available under certain circumstances which reduces the rate of tax to 10% on the first £1million of lifetime gains.
Company wills
This is the term used to describe a legally binding agreement between the owners of a business that sets out what will happen under certain defined circumstances. These will normally include the death or long term illness/incapacity of one of the shareholders, directors or partners.
Critical illness
This is an insurance cover, normally arranged alongside life insurance, to provide a lump sum in the event that the insured is diagnosed with one of a list of 'life threatening' conditions. See also permanent health insurance.
Employee benefits
This normally includes pensions, death in service benefits, health and medical expenses insurance. It can also include broader issues such as flexible remuneration strategies.
Enhanced protection (pensions)
This relates to the introduction of new pension rules on 6th April 2006 and allows those with funds in excess of the lifetime limit (see below) to grow without a tax charge being levied on the excess. An application must be made by 5th April 2009, but no contributions of any sort can be made after 5th April 2006, or this protection is lost.
Fees
Historically, Independent Financial Advisers were primarily remunerated by commission paid on insurance policies and investment plans arranged. Modern custom is for them to be remunerated on an agreed fee basis. This can sometimes be partly paid by commission generated on products arranged.
Financial planning
Financial planning is the process of identifying client needs, reviewing the options available and making recommendations based on experience, legal and technical knowledge. Those giving financial advice must be authorised and regulated by the Financial Services Authority.
Financial Services Authority
The FSA is the regulator for financial services in the UK.
HM Revenue & Customs
HMRC is the new name for the combined Inland Revenue and Customs and Excise.
Holistic
In financial planning terms, this relates to looking at all aspects of a client's financial needs, resources, commitments and aims, in order to give an integrated range of recommendations.
Inheritance tax
Inheritance tax is levied on monies passed to other parties on death. It includes most gifts, other than those Potentially Exempt Gifts (see below), made during the previous seven years and is levied at 40% on estates worth in excess of a threshold set at £312,000 (for 2008/9). From 9th October 2007, however, the "threshold" for married couples or civil partners was increased to £650,000 (less the value of any non-exempt gifts made on the first death) and this will apply even if one partner has already died.
Key person
Someone whose loss would materially affect the ability of a company to continue in operation, or result in significantly increased costs. Such individuals are not always obvious and assistance can be provided in identifying them, for each business.
Life insurance
A benefit payable on the death of the life insured during a specified term of years or at any time, depending on the type of cover arranged. It may also pay out on diagnosis of a terminal illness (this is not the same as a critical illness).
Lifetime allowance (pensions)
Under new regulations effective from 6th April 2006 pension funds in excess of the lifetime limit are subject to tax unless enhanced or primary protection applies. The lifetime limit for 2008/9 is £1.65 million and is set to rise each year to £1.8 million by 2010/11.
Long term care
Professional care is normally required when an individual is no longer able to carry out four out of six "activities of daily living" such as personal hygiene, feeding and so on. Insurance is available to cover the cost of this care.
Mortgage
A mortgage is a primary loan secured on a home; failure to repay a mortgage can result in repossession of the home. Other forms of loan can also be secured against the home with a second or subsequent charge and can also result in enforced sale of the home if not repaid.
Pension Commencement Lump Sum
This is the lump sum available under pension schemes after 6th April 2006. It represents 25% of the total pension lump sum for most people, although members of older occupational pension schemes may be entitled to a higher amount. This sum is currently free of tax.
Permanent health insurance
This is an income payable from the end of a pre-set period after the onset of an injury or illness (typically 4, 13, 26 or 52 weeks) until the person concerned recovers, reaches a pre-determined age, or dies. It normally requires total incapacity.
Potentially Exempt Gifts
PETs are gifts made during the donor's lifetime within seven years of death. The charge on death is reduced if it was made between three and seven years before the date of death, by up to 80%. Gifts made 8 years or more before the date of death are exempt.
They do NOT include exempt gifts of £3,000 plus small gifts of less than £250, as well as certain gifts on consideration of marriage.
Primary protection (pensions)
This is available to anyone who has a pension fund worth £1.5 million or more on 6th April 2006 and must be applied for before 5th April 2009. It allows funds to grow at the same rate as the increase in the lifetime limit without generating a tax charge (unless enhanced protection has also been applied for). If growth exceeds the rate at which the lifetime limit grows, then a tax charge will apply.
Contributions can continue provided enhanced protection has not also been applied for.
Re-mortgage
This is when an original mortgage is redeemed and a new mortgage taken out on the same home. It is not the same as a second mortgage, which is a secondary charge on the home as security.
Retirement
From April 2006 it is no longer necessary to stop working for an employer in order to draw a pension from an occupational scheme provided by them.
From this date, anyone can take their Pension Commencement Lump Sum and decide whether or not to draw an income at any time after age 50 (rising to 55 on April 2010) and still continue working.
Security
This is the term used to describe anything pledged to a lender, usually a home. An endowment policy may also be used as security, although if used in connection with house purchase it is usually called collateral security, as the home itself is the primary security.
Unsecured pension
Formerly called "Drawdown" or Pension Fund Withdrawal, this new version (introduced in April 2006) allows pension scheme members to take an income directly from the fund of anything from £0 to 120% of the annuity they could have purchased, if they wished. It is available to age 75, when the alternatively secured pension must be used instead.
Financial planning for businesses
Protecting your business
Employee benefits
Occupational pension transfers
Executive benefits
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